– Governance, compliance, and ethics
– Security policies and risk management
– Threat modeling and business continuity planning

– Classification and ownership of information assets
– Data protection and retention policies
– Handling requirements for data privacy

– Secure design principles
– Security models and cryptographic systems
– Security engineering for networks and applications

– Network architecture and components
– Secure network protocols and communications
– Implementing network security controls

– Access control models and mechanisms
– Single sign-on (SSO) and multi-factor authentication (MFA)
– Managing user identities and privileges

– Vulnerability assessments and penetration testing
– Security audits and performance evaluation
– Implementing security testing practices

– Incident response and forensic investigations
– Disaster recovery and operational continuity
– Logging, monitoring, and patch management

– Secure software development lifecycle (SDLC)
– Application security controls
– Code review and vulnerability scanning